CHEN, X.-M., HOSONO, T., MIZUNO, A., YODA, T., YOSHIDA, Y., AOYAGI, Y. & KANOSUE, K. 1998 ; . New apparatus for studying behavioral thermoregulation in rats. Physiology and Behavior 64, 419424. COOPER, K. E., NAYLOR, A. M. & VEALE, W. L. 1986 ; . Evidence supporting a role for endogenous vasopressin in fever suppression in the rat. Journal of Physiology 387, 163172. DIAMANT, M. & DE WIED, D. 1993 ; . Differential effects of centrally injected AVP on heart rate, core temperature, and behavior in rats. American Journal of Physiology 264, R5161. DORIS, P. A. & BELL, F. R. 1984 ; . Vasopressin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of hydrated and dehydrated steers. Neuroendocrinology 38, 290296. ERIKSSON, S., SIMON-OPPERMANN, C., SIMON, E. & GRAY, D. A. 1987 ; . Interaction of changes in the third ventricular CSF tonicity, central and systemic AVP concentrations and water intake. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 130, 575583. GERSTBERGER, R. & FAHRENHOLZ, F. 1989 ; . Autoradiographic localization of V1 vasopressin binding sites in the rat brain and kidney. European Journal of Pharmacology 167, 105116. HOGARTY, D. C., TRAN, D. N. & PHILLIPS, M. I. 1994 ; . Involvement of angiotensin receptor subtypes in osmotically induced release of vasopressin. Brain Research 637, 126132. HOROWITZ, M. & MEIRI, U. 1985 ; . Thermoregulatory activity in the rat: effects of hypohydration, hypovolemia and hypertonicity and their interaction with short-term heat acclimation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A82, 577582. HOROWITZ, M. & NADEL, E. R. 1984 ; . Effect of plasma volume on thermoregulation in dogs. Pflgers Archiv 400, 211213. JOLKKONEN, J., TUOMISTO, L., VAN WIMERSMA GREIDANUS, T. B., LAARA, E. & RIEKKINEN, P. 1988 ; . Effects osmotic stimuli on vasopressin levels in the CSF of rats. Peptides 9, 109111. KIYOHARA, T., HORI, T., SHIBATA, M. & NAKASHIMA, T. 1984 ; . Effects of angiotensin II on preoptic thermosensitive neurons in the rat. In Thermal Physiology, ed. HALES, J. R. S., pp. 141144. Raven Press, New York. KREGEL, K. C., STAUSS, H. & UNGER, T. 1994 ; . Modulation of autonomic nervous system adjustments to heat stress by central ANG II receptor antagonism. American Journal of Physiology 266, R19851991. LIPTON, J. M. & MARROTTO, D. R. 1969 ; . Effects of desalivation on behavioral thermoregulation against heat. Physiology and Behavior 4, 723727. LUMLEY, L. A., ROBISON, C. L., CHEN, W. K., MARK, B. & MEYERHOFF, J. L. 2001 ; . Vasopressin into the preoptic area increases grooming behavior in mice. Physiology and Behavior 73, 451455. MCKINLEY, M. J., EVERED, M., MATHAI, M. & COGHLAN, J. P. 1994 ; . Effects of central losartan on plasma renin and centrally mediated natriuresis. Kidney International 46, 14791482. MCKINLEY, M. J., MCALLEN, R. M., MENDELSOHN, F. A. O., ALLEN, A. M., CHAI, S. Y. & OLDFIELD, B. J. 1990 ; . Circumventricular organs: neuroendocrine interfaces between the brain and the hemal milieu. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 11, 91127. MATHAI, M. L., HBSCHLE, T. & MCKINLEY, M. J. 2000 ; . Central losartan blocks natriureic, vasopressin, and pressor responses to central hypertonic NaCl in sheep. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, R18211826. MIKI, K., ITOH, T., NOSE, H., TANAKA, Y. & MORIMOTO, T. 1987 ; . Estimation of plasma volume from hematocrit and plasma oncotic pressure during volume expansion in dogs. Japanese Journal of Physiology 37, 687698.
Figure 4. Comparison of functional recovery from candesartan preincubation open symbols ; and dissociation of [3H]-candesartan binding closed symbols ; to CHO-hAT1 cells. The antagonist preincubation is followed by washout either in the absence a ; or presence of 1 mol l losartan b ; for the indicated periods of time. Reprinted by friendly permission of Elsevier Science from Biochem Pharmacol, 59, Vanderheyden PML et al., Reversible and syntopic interaction between angiotensin receptor antagonists on Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing human angiotensin II type 1 receptors, 92735, 2000, [26], and from Eur J Pharmacol, 372, Fierens FLP et al., Insurmountable angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonists: the role of tight antagonist binding, 199206, 1999, [36]. Janssen Pharmaceutics was founded in Belgium in 1953 by Paul Janssen. It is now an international company built on the foundation of research and a bedrock of innovation. The company remains under the direction of Janssen and has an unparalleled record in the successful development and marketing of new pharmaceutical products. According to the Japan Drug Research studies, Janssen was responsible for more significant new drug discoveries during the period 1970-1983 than any pharmaceutical company in the world. The company currently has approximately 6, 000 employees worldwide. It is a world leader in medication used in the treatment of allergies, mental disorders, digestive and intestinal problems, cardiovascular conditions, and worm and fungal infections. Janssen's compounds have also enabled major advances in anesthesia and immunology. In addition, Janssen has also discovered many chemical compounds to identify and characterize receptors in the brain and the periphery that have played a prominent role in advancing our knowledge about neurotransmitters. 73 inside height not less than 1900mm without the thickness and reinforcement. flooring high quality flooring material cemented to a suitable type of wood with aluminum molding. medicine cabinets the left wall of the patient's compartment is to be partitioned into enclosed storage cabinetry. compartment space and shelf space to be conveniently located for medical supplies, devices and installed system ad applicable for the service intended. cabinets are to be easily opened with shattered-proof transparent sliding door the wall is to be not more than 30 inches high. removal of cabinet is to be easy to facilitate body repair in case of an accident. technician seat - front provision of a technician seat at the front of the patient's compartment. technician seat-rear provision of a technician seat at the foot of the patient's on the right end side. inside lighting system the patient's compartment electrical system is to be separated from the truck. identification the ambulance is to be identified as follows: it is to painted clear white - for decals for the word "ambulance", and a red crescent in arabic one on each side, one on the rear, and one on the front resuscitation equipment - two oxygen bottles, each of 500 litter capacity secured within the left wall cabinetry. - two spare oxygen bottles of 500 litter capacity in stowage cabin. - one set of english bull nose valve yoke, pressure regulator with gauge flow meter and humidifier bottle. - three oxygen masks, one for each adult child and infant. - three plastic nasal cannulas, two adult and one child. - four oxygen catheters, two of each no.10f. one mouth to mouth ventilation mask portable oxygen kit one portable oxygen kit compete with regulator and supplies. suction system one vacuum apparatus including an electric driven pump. first aid equipment a box is to be provided containing the following: twenty pre- localized pads twelve compressive bandages - four 10cm elastic strips. - six gauze bandeaus, three of 75mm and three of 150mm, for example, synthesis of losartan. Postma farm nl there is growing evidence from clinical trials that losartan avastar , merck & co, inc ; and other angiotensin a ; -ii-receptor antagonists have beneficial effects on the progression of renal disease among type 2 diabetic patients beyond the benefits derived from the effect of blood-pressure lowering alone.

Fig. 5. Effects of microinjection of saline, ANG II 3 nmol ; , and losartan 50 nmol ; ANG II 3 nmol ; into the paraventricular nucleus on the RSNA responses to varying frequencies of stimulation of cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves in CHF rats. A: percent change. B: slope. Values are means SE. RSNA response was significantly enhanced after microinjection of ANG II into the paraventricular nucleus. Pretreatment with losartan completely abolished the effects of ANG II. * P 0.05 compared with saline. P 0.05 compared with losartan ANG II. J Appl Physiol VOL and cymbalta.

Subjects who do not metabolize losartan to active metabolite have been shown to have a specific, rare defect in cytochrome p450  2c these data suggest that the conversion of losartan to its active metabolite is mediated primarily by p450  2c9 and not p450  3a as with other drugs that block angiotensin  ii or its effects, concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics e, g.

Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Research: staffing levels and training correlate with patient outcomes New research has confirmed what many nurses have known all along: higher levels of staffing by qualified, skilled nurses result in better and safer patient care. These research findings were presented at the ICN Conference 2003 by lead researcher Linda Aiken, PhD, RN of the Centre for Health Outcomes Research at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Nursing. Further studies in the United States and the United Kingdom also suggest that nurse-to-patient ratios have a significant impact on patient mortality and morbidity and duloxetine.

Please send reports to CSM West Midlands Freepost SW2991 BIRMINGHAM B18 7BR. No stamp is needed. This address has changed and will appear on future yellow cards. The old address can continue to be used until March 1996. ADDITIONS TO CLOSELY MONITORED DRUGS include valaciclovir losartan atovaquone meropenem Valtrex ; Cozaar ; Wellvone ; Meronem ; nefazodone Dutonin ; fenticonazole Lomexin ; nedocromil sodium Rapitil.

Ablet splitting is a practice that is becoming more popular within managed care pharmacies as the costs of medications increase. For many medications, tablet strengths are identical or similar in cost, and splitting tablets can lower the cost per dose by 40% to 50%. Tablet-splitting programs targeted at high-cost, similarly priced, and widely prescribed medications have expanded in the managed care setting to include a multitude of medications such as ACE-inhibitors fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, and trandolapril ; , angiotensin II receptor blockers irbesartan and losartan ; , Cox-2 inhibitors rofecoxib and valdecoxib ; , hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors HMGs ; atorvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin ; , antidepressants citalopram, mirtazapine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine ; , carvedilol, cetirizine, metoprolol, nefazodone, sildenafil, and zafirlukast. From previous studies, it has been shown that tablet splitting is well accepted by patients and has no effect on compliance.1-3 Acceptance and compliance were addressed in these studies with the use of questionnaires and pill counts. One of the studies also calculated a 50% reduction in median annual acquisition cost.2 Two studies measured the effects of tablet splitting on clinical outcomes. The first study was a randomized, crossover trial consisting of 29 patients taking lisinopril. In this study, both groups took whole tablets for 2 weeks and split tablets for 2 weeks.3 There was no significant difference in blood pressure between patients taking whole versus split tablets. However, this study had a small sample size, and the duration for each treatment arm was short. The second study was a retrospective chart review analysis, which evaluated the effects of tablet splitting on the lipid panels of 125 patients taking simvastatin and atorvastatin.4 Patients were required to remain on the same dose at least 6 weeks before and after tablet-splitting initiation, and lipid panels were drawn at least 6 weeks after initiation of wholetablet and half-tablet dosing. There was a statistically, but not clinically, significant reduction in LDL and total cholesterol levels, and no significant change in HDL and triglyceride levels. This study did not review ultimate clinical outcomes and, similar to the first study, had a small sample size. In an effort to maximize valuable patient resources, a tabletsplitting program was implemented at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System in April 2000. The medications included in our program were simvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, sertraline, citalopram, and lisinopril. Tablet splitting was considered a reasonable strategy for these agents because the tablets and cytotec.

NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS Prenatal craniofacial development: new insights on normal and abnormal mechanisms. Johnston, M.C. and Bronsky, P.T., 25 [corrected 368 ; NEUROPEPTIDES Pathogenesis of degenerative joint disease in the human temporomandibular joint. Haskin, C.L., et al, 248 NEUTROPHILS Chemokines, a family of chemotactic cytokines. Graves, D.T. and Jiang, Y., 109 NUTRITION Bionutrition and oral cancer in humans. Enwonwu, CO. and Meeks, V.I., 5 ONCOGENES Pathophysiology of angiogenesis, The. Polverini, P.J., 230 ORAL HEALTH Does variability in salivary protein concentrations influence oral microbial ecology and oral health? Rudney, J.D., 343 ORAL MUCOSA Biochemical composition of human saliva in relation to other mucosal fluids. Schenkels, L.C.P.M., etal, 161 ORAL NEOPLASMS Bionutrition and oral cancer in humans. Enwonwu, CO. and Meeks, V.I., 5 OSTEOARTHRITIS Pathogenesis of degenerative joint disease in the human temporomandibular joint. Haskin, C.L., et al, 248 OXIDATIVE STRESS Bionutrition and oral cancer in humans. Enwonwu, CO. and Meeks, V.I., 5 PALATE Prenatal craniofacial development: new insights on normal and abnormal mechanisms. Johnston, M.C and Bronsky, P.T., 25 corrected 368 ; Programmed cell death and cell transformation in craniofacial development. Schuler, C.F., 202 PAPILLOMAVIRUS, HUMAN Oral leukoplakia. Sciubba, J.J., 147 and misoprostol. In these cases, your health care professional may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary.

What should i discuss with my healthcare provider before taking losartan and calcitriol. Care to people who are infected with or have been exposed to an STI. Secondary prevention should include: efforts to encourage people to seek medical care; these efforts should be directed not only at people with STI symptoms, but also at people at increased risk of contracting an STI, including HIV; accessible, acceptable, and effective medical care, including diagnostic services and effective treatment for both symptomatic and asymptomatic STI patients and their sex partners; and psychological support services and counseling for patients with STIs and HIV. Partner Notification Whenever an STI is diagnosed at any treatment facility, it is necessary to address the issue of notifying the patient's sex partner s ; . Health professionals should ensure that partner notification is voluntary and noncoercive and that confidentiality is maintained. Particular care should be taken to observe the rights and dignity of the patient and his her partner s ; . It should always be kept in mind that the effect of notification on the patient and their partner may be different depending on his or her gender. Partner notification means informing the partner s ; of an STI patient about the possibility of. Parent primary alcohol dominates the therapeutic effects of losartan. Although there are numerous 'second generation' compounds progressing through clinical evaluation, only valsartan is approved to challenge the dominance of lisartan and rocaltrol and losartan. Atenolol, bisoprolol, co-tenidone3, metoprolol, propranolol, sotalol `dihydropyridines' amlodipine, felodipine, lacidipine nifedipine. `rate-limiting' diltiazem, verapamil captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril, trandolapril candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan, telmisartan doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin. Sistent with our current findings. Thus, it is possible that improvements in plasma lipid levels, particularly in the postprandial state, might contribute to cardiovascular protection from these medicines in diabetes. There is now a widespread consensus that the reninangiotensin system is critical in mediating local tissue damage in diabetes and contributes greatly to overall diabetic complications. The most compelling evidence is the remarkable reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients treated with an ACEI 25 ; or an ARB 26 ; . Unfortunately, methodologic and other problems have prevented a clear demonstration that any specific, pathogenic component of the renin-angiotensin system is actually stimulated in diabetes. In patients with diabetes, the plasma renin levels are low. Pro-renin levels are elevated and correlate with diabetic complications 44 ; , but the function of pro-renin is unclear. Systemic ACE and AngII levels in diabetic patients are not elevated, although subsets of patients may have elevated ACE activity if they carry the ACE DD polymorphism 45, 46 ; . Another possibility is that diabetes stimulates local increases of AngII or AngII receptors within specific tissues or compartments 47 ; . It now accepted that most tissues contain all of the components of the renin-angiotensin system and are able to generate tissue AngII independent of the circulation. Regarding the liver, hepatic parenchymal cells were previously shown to respond to AngII and to contain type 1 receptors for AngII 48 ; , but data regarding effects of diabetes on the renin-angiotensin system within the liver are essentially nonexistent. In this study, we provide evidence to support a causal chain: diabetes increases ACE expression in the liver, which should enhance local AngII action Fig. 3B addition of AngII to cultured liver cells suppresses NDST activity and protein Fig. 6 and blockade of AngII production Figs. 1 and 2 ; or the type 1 receptor for AngII Fig. 4 ; in vivo ameliorates the suppression of NDST in diabetic liver. In livers and in cultured cells, we found that AngII contributed to the suppression of NDST protein and enzymatic activity, but independent from effects on NDST mRNA. These results suggest post-transcriptional regulation of NDST, which has been demonstrated in vitro in nonhepatic cells 49 ; . Overall, we conclude that early diabetes in vivo significantly suppresses NDST, a key molecule in hepatic HS biosynthesis. AngII contributes to the decrease in liver NDST protein and enzymatic activity. The ability of AngII blockade to favorably modify the expression and function of this enzyme in diabetes could substantially improve postprandial lipoprotein clearance and other HS-dependent functions and carbamazepine.

Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you have kidney disease; liver disease; epilepsy or another seizure disorder; or an allergy to aspirin.

Home about us ebm links my trip trip blog contact us advertise on trip add trip to your website cost effectiveness of losartna in patients with hypertension and lvh: an economic evaluation for sweden of the life trial cost effectiveness of losadtan in patients with hypertension and lvh: an economic evaluation for sweden of the life trial brief record full record print page close window nhs economic evaluation database nhs eed ; - full record display cost effectiveness of losartan in patients with hypertension and lvh: an economic evaluation for sweden of the life trial jonsson b, carides g w, burke t a, dasbach e j, lindholm l h, dahlof b source journal of hypertension year published volume pages record status this record was compiled by crd commissioned reviewers according to a set of guidelines developed in collaboration with a group of leading health economists. Drugs 2004; 37-65 9 olsen mh, possum e, hoieggen a, et al long-term treatment with losartan versus atenolol improves insuli\n sensitivity in hypertension: icarus, a life substudy.

Top of page results patient description a total of 406 patients started treatment with losartan; 82 2 ; of them were dropped out table 1. Haloperidol Leflunomide Flavoxate Hcl Oxybutynin Chloride Povidone Iodine Cilostazol Isometamidium chloride Vet. ; Pantoprazole Sodium 40 mg Esomeprazole Pellets 22% Lansoprazole Powder Pellets Omeprazole Po Pellets 8.5% Rabeprazole Sodium Acyclovir Lamivudine Zidovudine Bromhexine hcl EP DMF CTD ; Bambuterol hcl Amlodipine Besilate 10 mg Nebivolol Hcl Amlodipine Maleate Atenolol Carvedilol Telmisartan Losartxn Potassium Losqrtan Sodium Perindopril EP Lisinopril Ramipril Trimetazidine Hcl DMF ; Tramadol Hcl DMF CTD ; Hydrochlorothiazide DMFCTD ; Furosemide Tadalafil Tabs 20 mg Sildenafil Tabs 100 mg Sildenafil Jelly Zopiclone DMF CTD ; Carisoprodol Spasmolytic Drotaverine Hcl Lidocaine Spray Vitamin A soft gel capsule Vitamin C 500 Chewable tabs and crestor. Agodoa L, Appel L, Bakris G, et al. Effect of ramipril vs. amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis. African-American Study of Kidney Disease AASK ; . A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001; 285: 27192728. ALLHAT ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group ; . Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs. chlorthalidone: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. JAMA. 2000; 283: 19671975. ALLHAT. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial ALLHAT ; . JAMA. 2002; 288: 29812987. Bakris G, Weir M. ACE inhibitors and protection against kidney disease progression in patients with type 2 diabetes: what's the evidence? J Clin Hypertens. 2002; 4: 420423. Berlowitz DR, Ash AS, Hickey EC, et al. Inadequate management of blood pressure in a hypertensive population. N Eng J Med. 1998; 339: 19571963. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy RENAAL ; . N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 861869. Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Massie BM, et al, for the VA Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effect of singledrug therapy on reduction of left ventricular mass in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of six antihypertensive agents. Circulation. 1997; 95: 20072014. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, et al. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 STOP-2 ; study. Lancet. 1999; 354: 17511756. Hebert PR, Moser M, Hennekens CH. Recent evidence on drug therapy of mild to moderate hypertension and decreased risk of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153: 578581. INSIGHT. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment INSIGHT ; . Lancet. 2000; 356: 366372. JNC-1 Moser M, et al ; . Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. JAMA. 1977; 237: 255261.

My only side effect is an inability to exercise strenuously while on the drug - just can't obtain a high enough heart rate.

In one aspect of the invention, a solid, non-crystalline formulation comprises losartan and an excipient, wherein the formulation exhibits at least one of the characteristics of enhanced dissolution, solubility, stability, shelf life, bioavailability, or tabletting ease or manufacturing cost-effectiveness.

Medical buy losartan , losartan online order prescription, prescriptions fda strefie supportdownload x. Pfizer purchased about 1.1 million shares at a total cost of $37 million in the fourth quarter. Q56 ; Why does Pfizer disclose adjusted income and adjusted diluted EPS? A56 ; Pfizer believes investors' understanding of its performance is enhanced by disclosing adjusted income and adjusted diluted EPS, defined as reported net income and diluted earnings per share, respectively, excluding the impact of purchase accounting for the Pharmacia acquisition, certain significant items, merger-related costs, and the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle. Management itself analyzes the company's performance on this basis. We have excluded the impact of significant purchase-accounting impacts related to our acquisition of Pharmacia. These impacts primarily relate to the one-time charge for purchased in-process research and development, the charges to cost of goods sold from the sales of purchased inventory that was written up to fair value, and the charges related to the amortization of Pharmacia finite-lived intangible assets, as well as the incremental depreciation of fixed assets for the increase to fair value. We believe that excluding these non-cash charges provides a better view of our economic performance. In June 2000 we acquired the Warner-Lambert Company, and in April 2003 we acquired Pharmacia Corporation. These acquisitions have significant integration and restructuring costs attendant to them. We have excluded these costs from adjusted income, because integration and restructuring costs are unique to these transactions and will occur over several years due to the global and highly regulated nature of our business. The Company also excludes "certain significant items" from adjusted income in order to better portray its major operations-the discovery, development, manufacture, marketing, and sale of market-leading prescription medicines for humans and animals as well as many of the world's best-known over-the-counter products. For example, Pfizer excludes gains or losses on the sale of product lines or discontinued businesses. While we review our businesses and product lines on an ongoing basis for strategic fit with our operations, we do not build or run our businesses with an intent to sell them and, therefore, we have excluded such gains or losses on sales of businesses or product lines from adjusted income. Another example of an excluded "certain significant item" is co-promotion charges and payments for intellectual property rights for unapproved products being developed by third parties, which are immediately expensed rather than amortized over the life of the agreement. Since such payments are expensed immediately, excluding these payments from our performance provides us with a better view of our operations. Pfizer excludes charges related to various litigation matters from adjusted income as they relate to significant settlements of legal matters. Pfizer also excludes gains losses from the sale or writedown of equity investments from adjusted income. Generally, these investments are made in biotech companies on an opportunistic basis and are not part of our ongoing internal discovery and development programs. While we continually look for improvement opportunities within our businesses and reorganize when necessary, at times we will perform a review for restructuring an area of our business. During 2003, our research division undertook such a review and began to initiate its restructuring plan in the second quarter of 2003. The last time that such a restructuring occurred in this division, with the exception of our acquisition-related restructurings, was in 1993. As such, we have excluded the charges of these activities from adjusted income. A reconciliation between actual fourth-quarter net income as reported under U.S. GAAP and adjusted income is included in the attached financial schedule titled "Reconciliation From Reported Income and Earnings Per Share to Adjusted Income and Earnings Per Share." IMPROVING PATIENT ACCESS Q57 ; What initiatives is Pfizer supporting to ensure that patients have access to innovative medicines-both in the U.S. and worldwide? A57 ; Pfizer currently donates more medicines to patients than any other pharmaceutical company. We operate three significant access programs in the U.S.-the Pfizer Share Card, Connection to Care, and Sharing the Care-all designed to help low-income, uninsured patients gain access to our medicines. In addition, Pfizer has taken a leadership role in fighting HIV AIDS. Pfizer is a member of the Global Business Coalition on HIV AIDS as well as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS.

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